Note: Weight varies: 10.70-11.60g. The letter 'Wa' on EIC issues is reputedly the initial of Henry Wellesley, the settlement officer for Bareli.

In 1802 (AH1217) this area transferred to the British East India Company. From 1806 (AH1221) the BEIC Farrukhabad rupee was struck there.

Note: These were struck in the Southern Maratha Country. The use of "Shahajahanabad" (Delhi) in the mint name was purely prestige-based, as the coin was actually struck in Bagalkot.

Note: The "frozen" Regnal Year 46 was used for decades. Merchants trusted this specific design so much that the EIC was afraid to change it, fearing the coins would be devalued in the markets.

Note: This is a "Surat type" coin actually struck at the new Bombay mint. You can tell by the much neater, perfectly round "milled" edge compared to the "dump" style local strikes.

Note: Look for the "Ankush" (elephant goad) symbol on the reverse. This was originally a Maratha mint mark which the British continued to use to ensure the local population accepted the currency.

Note: Unlike the Bengal Presidency which favored Shah Alam II, the Bombay Presidency issues in Ahmedabad frequently used the name of Akbar Shah II during this transitional period.

Historical Note: By AH 1243, the British had full administrative control, yet they continued the Mughal style to prevent local economic disruption. Note the continued use of the "Ankush" symbol.

Technical Note: These "dumpy" rupees often have large portions of the legend off-flan, as the dies were significantly larger than the silver planchets used.

Context: This is one of the final Ahmedabad issues before the mint was closed and production was centralized to the major Presidency mints.

Note: AH 1249 is very late in this series. Soon after, the Uniform Coinage Act of 1835 would replace all these local "Presidency" styles with the standardized portrait coins of William IV.

Curiosity: The "Ankush" (elephant goad) mint mark is particularly clear on many Ry. 12 specimens, identifying the Ahmedabad origins even when the mint name is partially obscured.

Historical Context: These early hammered issues of the Bombay mint were struck following the authority granted by the Mughal Emperor in 1717. They intentionally mimic the Mughal style to ensure they were accepted at parity with Imperial currency.

Historical Note: This is a fascinating cross-presidency issue. While carrying the Murshidabad/Calcutta legends (frozen Ry. 19), these were often used in trade circuits involving the Bombay Presidency. The "frozen" dates were essential for maintaining the coin's "Sicca" (full value) status in the eyes of local money changers.

Historical Context: Struck during the early period of the Bombay mint. The EIC only received formal permission to strike coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor in 1717 (Farrukhsiyar's Farman). These hammered coins were designed to circulate alongside Imperial Mughal currency.

Note: By the 26th regnal year (AH 1156), the Bombay mint was firmly established. The legends on these "Munbai" rupees are often more complete than contemporary Mughal issues from smaller provincial mints.

Historical Context: Struck around 1737 AD. During this period, the Bombay Rupee was becoming the preferred currency for trade along the Malabar Coast, eventually displacing the more variable local coins due to the EIC's strict control over silver purity.

Historical Note: Known as the "Ankushi Rupee." The Ankush symbol was the primary mark of the Peshwa's central mint. After the fall of the Maratha Empire in 1817/18, the British East India Company continued to strike these coins for a short time to maintain economic stability in the Deccan region.

Historical Context: The "Ankush" symbol represents the Peshwa’s authority. During this period (just before the Third Anglo-Maratha War), the Poona rupee was the dominant trade coin of the Western Deccan.

Curiosity: After the EIC took over Poona in 1818, they modified the "Ankush" mark into what looks like a pair of scissors (Nagphani). This Fasli Era (FE) dated issue is a classic "transitional" coin—British administration using Maratha-style designs to keep the local economy stable.

Historical Note: Struck under British administration using the Fasli Era (FE) date. The Nagphani or "Scissors" mark is actually a stylized version of the Maratha serpent/cobra symbol. Under the EIC, this "Hali Sicca" (Current Coin) was standardized in weight to facilitate tax payments in the Deccan.

Historical Context: While the catalog notes FE 1236, the conversion to the Gregorian calendar for the Fasli Era used in the Deccan places this strike around 1826 AD. The Nagphani (Cobra) mark, looking like a set of tongs or scissors, is a primary diagnostic for British-administered Poona coinage.

Note: By 1827, the British had been managing the Poona mint for nearly a decade. These "Hali Sicca" rupees were maintained at a specific weight and purity to serve as the standard for land revenue payments in the newly acquired territories of the Deccan.

Historical Note: The "Hali Sicca" (meaning 'current' or 'standard') was the EIC's attempt to provide a reliable, uniform silver currency for the Deccan. Although the weight was standardized at roughly 11.3g, the flan sizes on these hammered issues still vary slightly between 20mm and 23mm, as seen here.

Historical Note: Fasli Year 1238 corresponds to 1828-29 AD. This specimen shows a broader 23mm flan, allowing more of the Persian legend to be visible compared to the standard "dumpy" strikes of the era.

Technical Note: Despite having the same date as the previous entry, this specimen is a classic 20mm "dump" rupee. The thickness of the coin makes up for the smaller diameter to maintain the standard Hali Sicca weight of ~11.2g.

Historical Note: Fasli Year 1239 corresponds to approximately 1829-1830 AD. By this point, the EIC had standardized the Poona rupee's silver content to match the "Hali" (current) standard, which was slightly lower in weight than the Calcutta Sicca rupee but vital for local Deccan commerce.

Final Issue Note: FE 1244 (c. 1834-35 AD) represents the end of the line for the Poona hammered rupee. In 1835, the British passed the Coinage Act, which demonetized these local "Presidency" types in favor of the standardized William IV portrait rupees.

Numismatic Note: The Lotus mark (Padma) is the distinctive symbol of the Madras Presidency's Arcot-style coinage. Although dated Ry. 6, these were struck long after Alamgir II's death.

Historical Context: The use of the Arcot mint name was a legal fiction. By 1759, the British had gained the right to strike these coins at the Madras mint, but they kept the "Arcot" name because those coins were already highly trusted by merchants in South India.

Historical Note: This is the "milled" version of the Arcot rupee. Despite the 1172 date and Ry. 6, this perfectly round coin was actually struck using modern machinery in the early 19th century. The beaded border and vertical grained edge are clear indicators of this upgraded minting process.

Historical Note: To distinguish these from the British "Arcot" issues, look for the Crescent mint mark (or a fleur-de-lis in other series). The French used the Arkat name to ensure their silver was accepted at par with British and Nawab issues in the markets of the Carnatic.

Curiosity: There is often a discrepancy between the AH date and the Regnal Year on these French issues. While the reverse legend usually claims Year 44, the actual year of striking is often Ry. 43, reflecting the chaotic nature of the French administration during the Napoleonic Wars.

Historical Note: 1881 was the first year of the "Uniform" coinage for Portuguese India. By treaty, these were made exactly equal to the British Rupee (11.66g) to allow them to circulate freely across the borders of Goa.

Note: While these coins were minted by the British for the Portuguese, they retain the distinct European aesthetic of the Lisbon mint designs, particularly in the high-relief engraving of the crown.

Curiosity: This issue uses a much higher silver fineness (0.920) compared to the later 1935 Republican issues. Carlos I was the penultimate king of Portugal; he was assassinated only five years after this coin was struck.

Design Note: This coin features the Armillary Sphere, an astronomical instrument that became a symbol of the Portuguese Age of Discovery and remains a central part of the modern Portuguese flag.

Historical Note: These coins were struck at the British Calcutta mint (though sometimes mistakenly attributed to Lisbon in older records due to their high production quality). This was part of an agreement where the British struck coins for Alwar to ensure they matched the weight and fineness of the Imperial Rupee.

Historical Note: Look for the tiny Arabic letter "Ain" (?) just before the date 1892. This was a specific instruction from the Maharaja to indicate that the date was according to the Isawi (Christian) calendar rather than the Vikram Samvat era.

Curiosity: This hammered issue is a "family history" in silver. The reverse features a sequence of marks—including a Trident (Trishul), Chauri (Fly-whisk), and Katar (Dagger)—representing the various rulers of Bikaner who preceded Dungar Singh.

Historical Note: Ratan Singh's coinage often uses a frozen Regnal Year 25, which technically refers back to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, despite the obverse mentioning Akbar II. This blend of authorities was common in Rajput states to signal continuity.

Technical Note: This 22mm variant shows a broader flan, which was typical for early 19th-century Rajput hammered issues. Look for the "Sri" in Devanagari often tucked into the Persian calligraphy on the reverse—a subtle assertion of Hindu kingship.

Historical Note: The Winged Lion is a classic Ahom symbol of sovereignty. The "Hara-Gauri" legend indicates the King’s devotion to Shiva and Parvati, a shift toward mainstream Hinduism during this period of Ahom history.

Numismatic Note: Gaurinatha Simha's reign was marked by internal strife and the Moamoria rebellion. Despite the political turmoil, the minting standards remained high, though the flans (20mm) became slightly more compact compared to earlier issues.

Historical Note: Struck during the early years of Safdar Jang's tenure as Nawab Wazir. During this period, the Nawabs still acknowledged Mughal sovereignty on their coins, though they operated with near-total autonomy.

Numismatic Note: Shuja'-ud-Daula was a key figure in the Battle of Buxar. This "dumpy" rupee (18mm) is typical of the mid-18th century Benares style, where the thick planchet often results in parts of the date or mint name being cut off the flan.

Historical Note: While the catalog entry notes this under Sa'adat 'Ali Khan II's period, AH 1178 actually falls during the era of Shuja'-ud-Daula. These were often struck with frozen dates. The 19mm flan is a classic "thick dump" rupee style typical of the Benares mint before British influence standardized the diameters.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1218 date corresponds to the actual reign of Sa'adat 'Ali Khan II. Note the Fish (Mahi) symbol starting to appear more prominently or associated floral marks in the Persian letters. This era reflects the transition where Benares was ceded to the British, yet the mint continued striking in the Nawab's style for a time.

Numismatic Note: This specimen features a 22mm flan, which is significantly broader than the 18-19mm "dumpy" rupees of the previous decade. This expansion allowed more of the elegant Persian calligraphy and the decorative floral border to be visible.

Historical Context: By AH 1221, the Fish (Mahi-Maratib) and the Flag symbols were firmly established as hallmarks of Awadh authority. The use of a frozen Regnal Year 26 (originally belonging to Shah Alam II) was a deliberate choice by the mint to maintain the "Sikka" status, ensuring the coins would not be devalued for being "new" or "unfamiliar."

Numismatic Note: This 24mm specimen shows the widest flan for this series, allowing nearly the entire border design and the complex array of mint marks (the Mahi fish, the Flag, and the Star) to be clearly visible on the reverse.

Historical Context: AH 1228 marks the final full year of Sa'adat 'Ali Khan II's reign. This "Benares" rupee was actually the standard for trade across much of the Ganges valley at the time, frequently utilized by the East India Company to pay troops and settle administrative debts.

Historical Note: Struck shortly after Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar succeeded his father. Although he was now the ruler, the currency remained conservative, retaining the symbols of his predecessors to maintain mercantile trust across Northern India.

Numismatic Note: This 21mm specimen represents the transition toward more compact, localized strikes. Within two years of this issue, the British East India Company would encourage the Nawab to claim the title of King, leading to a radical redesign of the Awadh coinage featuring the royal coat of arms.

Historical Note: This design is a fascinating hybrid of Eastern and Western heraldry. While the Lions and Crown reflect European influence (likely introduced via British advisors), the Fish remain the traditional Mughal-authorized symbols of high status in Awadh.

Historical Note: Struck during the height of the Bangash power. The 26mm flan allows for a broad display of the Persian calligraphy, which was traditionally quite refined at this mint.

Numismatic Note: Year 31 is a very common date for this series, as the mint began "freezing" the regnal year around this period to ensure consistency for merchants.

Technical Note: This specimen is unusually broad (28mm). Large flan rupees from Farrukhabad are highly prized as they showcase nearly the entire die, including the decorative floral borders.

Historical Context: Struck just a few years before the British EIC took full control of the Farrukhabad mint (1803). The "45" or "Lucknow" style symbols often found on these coins indicate the close proximity and shared commercial sphere with the Kingdom of Awadh.

Numismatic Note: The Scimitar is the defining feature of Baroda coinage. On Petlad mint issues, it is usually struck horizontally. Unlike some other states, the Hijri year and Regnal year on these coins represent the actual calendar year of striking.

Historical Context: During Anand Rao's reign, Baroda was increasingly falling under the influence of the British East India Company via the Subsidiary Alliance. However, the coinage remained traditional in style, reflecting the internal administrative continuity of the Gaekwad state.

Numismatic Note: The 25x23mm measurement indicates an oblong flan. Because these were hand-hammered, the shape of the silver "nugget" before striking often dictated the final appearance, sometimes resulting in these broad, non-circular shapes that collectors find highly desirable.

Historical Context: AH 1228 marks the penultimate year of this specific series before the mint began introducing minor stylistic shifts in the calligraphy. Note that the weight remains very consistent at 11.47g, showing the strict quality control of the Baroda state mints.

Numismatic Note: On these later AH 1229 issues, the Regnal Year (9) is often very clearly struck at the bottom of the obverse, making them easier to identify than earlier, more crowded "dump" types.

Historical Context: The consistency in weight (11.55g–11.59g) between these two specimens highlights the precision of the Petlad mint workers. Despite being hand-struck, the silver content was strictly regulated to ensure the coins remained the preferred medium for tax payments in the Gujarat region.

Numismatic Note: The "Scimitar" is the primary dynastic symbol of the Gaekwads of Baroda. In the Petlad series, it is consistently positioned horizontally on the obverse.

Technical Detail: Despite the slightly smaller 21mm flan, the weight remains exceptionally consistent at 11.55g. This indicates that while the shape of the coins varied, the silver content was strictly controlled to maintain their value in trade.

Numismatic Note: The silver purity of these Petlad issues was kept high to compete with the British East India Company's "Farrukhabad" rupees circulating in the same trade routes.

Technical Detail: In some late issues of Anand Rao, the Regnal Year on the die was not updated correctly or was "frozen." While the AH 1233 date is the primary indicator of the minting period, the Ry. mark (appearing as 13 or 33) is a common die-sinker's error for this specific year.

Numismatic Note: This 20mm specimen is a classic "dump" rupee. The smaller flan size relative to the die results in a thick, chunky coin where the central Scimitar and the Hijri date are prioritized in the strike.

Technical Detail: Note the difference in Regnal Years (9 vs 14) within the same Hijri year. This often occurred in Princely State mints due to the use of older dies or different administrative tracking of the ruler's "Julus" (accession). The 11.58g weight on this 22mm specimen is exceptionally full for the series.

Numismatic Note: This specimen from the Baroda city mint demonstrates the "frozen" date period. While the AH year points to the end of Anand Rao's reign, the placement of the Regnal Year directly below the scimitar became a standard layout for capital mint issues.

Historical Detail: Sayaji Rao II's coinage is significant for the "Sa" (?) initial. This Devanagari character was a bold assertion of Maratha identity amidst the traditional Persian script of the Mughal suzerain.

Numismatic Note: This specimen is slightly lighter at 11.43g but maintains the 21mm "thick dump" fabric. The "Sa" mark is well-placed, though the flower mint mark on the obverse is often found partially off the flan due to the die being larger than the silver planchet.

Technical Detail: By Regnal Year 19, the 11.55g–11.56g weight standard is very consistent. The "Sa" (for Sayaji) is the most prominent feature on the reverse, serving as a clear dynastic identifier for the Gaekwads even when the Hijri date is missing or obscured.

Numismatic Note: This 20mm specimen is exceptionally thick. The AH 1240 date corresponds perfectly with the Mughal Regnal Year 20, showing a rare moment of alignment between the lunar and regnal calendars in the Baroda mint records.

Style Transition: This specimen (KM C38.3) marks a departure in layout. The **vertical scimitar** becomes the focal point of the obverse, and the flower mint mark is simplified. By this time, the "Sa" mark on the reverse is often accompanied by more crowded calligraphy as the mint maximized the use of the die surface.

Numismatic Note: At 19mm, this is a particularly "tight" strike. The vertical orientation of the scimitar allowed the mint masters to fit both the regnal year and the flower mark more symmetrically onto the increasingly smaller silver planchets.

Historical Detail: By AH 1256, the British East India Company was consolidating currency across India, but Baroda maintained its autonomous minting rights. The weight of 11.40g remains consistent with the local "Babashahi" rupee standard used in the Gujarat region.

Numismatic Note: This is one of the final "Babashahi" rupees struck before the design began to incorporate more varied local inscriptions. The verticality of the scimitar is now perfectly balanced with the regnal year on the 20mm flan.

Historical Detail: Khande Rao was a great patron of the arts and a loyal ally to the British during the 1857 uprising. His coins are distinct for the "Kha Ga" initials, which move the coinage further away from purely Mughal archetypes toward a unique Baroda identity.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1276 date is significant as it follows immediately after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Khande Rao's loyalty to the British during the conflict ensured the state's continued autonomy and minting privileges.

Historical Detail: Malhar Rao's coinage is easily identified by the "Ma Ga" initials. These coins are often found on slightly smaller, more compact 20mm flans compared to those of his predecessor.

Historical Context: AH 1292 is the accession year for Sayaji Rao III. At only 12 years old, he was selected by the British and the Dowager Maharani to lead the state. These coins were struck while the state was under a Council of Regency.

Numismatic Note: 1881 was the year Sayaji Rao III was invested with full ruling powers. Shortly after this period, the Baroda mint began the process of modernization that would eventually lead to the discontinuation of these hammered "dump" rupees in favor of machine-struck, milled coinage.

Numismatic Note: At 11.53g and 19mm, this coin is a "chunky" strike. The shift to a smaller diameter but maintaining the full weight indicates a very deliberate change in the preparation of the silver planchets during this late hammered period.

Historical Detail: AH 1300 is one of the very last dates for the hammered "Babashahi" rupee. Soon after this year, Baroda began the transition to fully machine-struck (milled) coinage. These coins are essentially the "Swan Song" of the ancient Maratha hammered minting tradition.

Numismatic Note: By AH 1301, the dies show signs of the end of the era. The calligraphy is often more simplified, and the "Sa Ga" initials are struck with great depth into the 11.43g planchet.

Historical Detail: The AH 1302 date marks the end of the hammered silver "dump" rupee tradition in Baroda. This specimen, with its 20mm flan, provides a clear view of the scimitar and date, serving as a historic bookend to the Gaekwad hammered series that began under Anand Rao.

Numismatic Note: The Katar is a traditional Indian push-dagger. Its presence as a mint mark is a strong identifier for the Bharatpur series during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Technical Detail: Note the Regnal Year (Ry. 49). Because Shah Alam II had a very long nominal reign (even while blinded and under the "protection" of various powers), these high regnal years are common on coins of the Jat and Maratha states of this era.

Numismatic Note: The 10.87g weight on this 19mm flan suggests a slightly worn or trimmed specimen, as the standard for this series typically aims for 11.00g.

Technical Detail: This 18mm specimen represents the "thick dump" variety. The smaller diameter results in a significantly thicker coin to maintain the 11.02g weight, common in Central Indian minting practices.

Numismatic Note: The use of the Trident on Bhopal coinage is interesting given the state's Islamic governance. It likely served as a "merchant mark" that guaranteed the silver's purity to Hindu traders across the Malwa plateau.

Technical Detail: During Hayat Muhammad Khan's reign, the Bhopal mint produced these high-purity silver rupees to stabilize the state's economy during the constant Maratha-Afghan conflicts. The 11.16g weight is a very full standard for this era.

Numismatic Note: This 18mm specimen demonstrates the "compact dump" style. By Ry. 34, the dies were significantly larger than the planchets, meaning only the central portion of the Persian couplet and the trident are visible.

Historical Detail: Struck during the reign of Faiz Mohammad Khan, this rupee features a broader 21mm flan characteristic of earlier 18th-century issues. The weight of 10.93g is slightly lower than the later 11.16g standard, reflecting earlier regional weight variances.

Numismatic Note: During Sikandar Begum's reign, the Bhopal rupee became a preferred currency in Central India due to its stable weight (approx. 10.94g) and high silver fineness, often outperforming the British East India Company rupees in local village markets.

Historical Context: Struck in the immediate aftermath of the 1857 Uprising. While the British were abolishing the names of Mughal emperors on their own coinage, Bhopal continued this "frozen" tradition for several more years to ensure merchant confidence.

Chronology Note: The Regnal Year 2 corresponds to the period following Sikandar Begum's formal recognition as a sovereign ruler in her own right by the British, rather than just a regent, as a reward for her administrative reforms.

Historical Detail: AH 1285 was the year of Sikandar Begum's death and the accession of Shah Jahan Begum. This coin represents the final stylistic iteration of Sikandar's coinage before the introduction of new symbols under her successor.

Numismatic Note: Under Shah Jahan Begum, the "Bhopal Rupee" maintained its reputation for purity. Despite the 19mm flan, the strike is often centered enough to show the century digits of the Hijri date.

Historical Detail: By AH 1305, the British "Victoria Empress" rupees were circulating widely alongside these local strikes. The compact 18mm flan of this issue is typical of the "late dump" style where thickness was favored over diameter to prevent edge-shaving.

Numismatic Note: Broach was a vital port town that changed hands several times. In 1803, the British took it from the Marathas, but for a period, the mint continued to strike coins in the traditional Mughal style of Shah Alam II, using the cross mark to denote British authority or presence. The St. Stephen's Cross is the primary diagnostic for this series. While the fabric is Maratha in style (22mm broad flan), the cross confirms the B.E.I.C. influence following the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon. Gwalior also utilized the cross mark on several of its issues. After the British ceded certain territories back to the Scindias or through complex local administrative arrangements, the iconography overlapped.

Historical Context: This coin was struck just years before the 1857 Uprising. After the fall of Bahadur Shah II, Bundi coinage eventually transitioned to featuring the name of Queen Victoria. The 11.11g weight remains a high standard for Rajputana silver.

Diagnostic Mark: The Leaf is the primary symbol of Bundi’s early 19th-century silver. While many states used floral sprigs, the Bundi leaf is uniquely broad and often occupies a significant portion of the lower reverse flan. The Peepal leaf is not just a mint mark but a sacred symbol in Rajput culture.

Numismatic Note: This specimen shows the transition to a smaller, thicker 18mm flan. The regnal year 18 refers to the reign of Bahadur Shah II, though Bundi was by this time firmly under British suzerainty.

Diagnostic: The prominent leaf on the reverse is the signature of the Bundi mint during this era. At 11.26g, this is a heavy silver standard, reflecting the state's prosperity during the post-Maratha pacification of Rajasthan.

Numismatic Note: The Ry. 14 date on these issues is often considered "frozen," appearing on coins struck many years after the actual 14th regnal year of Shah Alam II. This was done to ensure the coin's continued acceptance by conservative local merchants.

Historical Detail: Struck during the early years of Bishen Singh's reign. The 11.32g weight is a very high "full" standard, indicating that the Bundi mint was using highly refined silver during this period of Maratha-Rajput transition.

Numismatic Note: The weight of 11.05g is very consistent for this series. By Ry. 40, the Bundi mint had achieved a high level of standardized production, which is why these "Leaf" rupees are found so frequently in Central Indian hoards.

Historical Detail: Ry. 43 marks the turn of the century. Despite the chaotic political landscape in Rajasthan due to Maratha incursions, Bundi maintained its minting privileges and preserved the silver purity of its local rupee.

Numismatic Note: Ry. 46 is one of the highest regnal years recorded for this series. The broad 20mm flan allows for a nearly complete view of the leaf symbol, which remained the state's hallmark for over half a century.

Historical Detail: This "Legend Type" was introduced following the 1857 Uprising. It is a trilingual issue: English (the Suzerain), Persian (the administrative tradition), and Devanagari (the local ruler). The 11.16g weight is a return to a very full silver standard.

Numismatic Note: The VS 1916 issue is the "Year One" for this type. The 11.16g weight is exceptionally consistent, indicating a tight control over the minting process during this transition period.

Historical Detail: By 1861, the design had become slightly more refined. Note the 11.20g weight—slightly higher than the previous year, highlighting the "heavy" silver standard Bundi maintained to ensure its coins were preferred over British Imperial rupees in local trade.

Numismatic Note: This 11.17g specimen is a very full-weight strike. The VS 1918 date corresponds to the year the British Crown issued the "Paper Currency Act," making these high-quality silver local coins even more vital for daily village commerce where paper was not yet trusted.

Historical Detail: By 1869, Ram Singh had ruled for nearly 40 years. This issue demonstrates the longevity of the "Legend type," which became so well-recognized that it circulated as far as the markets of neighboring Mewar and Malwa.

Numismatic Note: The 21mm flan allows for a clear view of the "70" in the AD date. The 11.14g weight reflects the consistent adherence to the local 'Hali' rupee standard during this decade.

Historical Detail: VS 1930 marks the midpoint of Ram Singh's later reign. Notice the slightly more compact 20mm flan compared to the 1870 issue, resulting in the outer edges of the English legend being partially truncated—a common characteristic of these hand-struck issues.

Numismatic Note: 1877 was the year Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India (Kaisar-i-Hind). While the British Imperial coinage changed to "Victoria Empress," Bundi maintained its "Queen Victoria" legend, reflecting the state's specific treaty status.

Technical Detail: By VS 1943, the design had become very dense. The 10.73g weight is a "light" standard compared to the earlier 11.14g issues, which may indicate a change in minting fees or silver supply at the end of Ram Singh's long reign.

Numismatic Note: Although struck during Raghubir Singh's reign, the coin retains the "Ram Singh" legend. The weight of 10.6g reflects the lighter late-19th-century standard for Bundi silver.

Historical Detail: This issue updates the British suzerain to Edward VII but maintains the traditional hand-hammered "dump" style and the name of Ram Singh on the reverse, nearly 20 years after his death.

Numismatic Note: This 18mm specimen is a classic "dump" rupee. Because the die is significantly larger than the flan, the English legend is often partially cut off, leaving only the central Katar and portions of the emperor's name visible.

Technical Detail: At 21mm and 11.37g, this is a much larger and heavier strike than the previous year. The broader flan allows for nearly the entire English and Nagari legends to be visible, making it a highly desirable "well-centered" example for the type.

Numismatic Note: The Type II series is distinguished by the clearer, more linear arrangement of the English text. By 1924, many other Princely States had moved to machine-milled coinage, but Bundi proudly maintained its traditional hammered technique.

Technical Detail: Note the consistent 10.6g weight. While slightly lighter than the British India Rupee (11.66g), these coins were widely accepted across Rajasthan. The 21mm flan allows for a nearly complete strike of the Nagari numerals at the bottom.

Numismatic Note: This specimen shows the refined calligraphy of the 1920s. The spacing between the English "GEORGE" and "EMPEROR" is wider than in the Edwardian issues, a key diagnostic for Type II.

Technical Detail: This coin is notably heavier at 11.02g. The smaller flan (noted as 17mm in the filename) indicates a "dump" fabric strike where the thickness was increased to maintain silver content. This variance in flan size was typical of the Bundi mint's hand-hammered output until its closure.

Historical Note: Struck during the transition from Hindupat Singh's reign into the Civil War period. The sunflower is a solar symbol often associated with the Rajput claim of Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty) descent.

Diagnostic: The "Double Pennant" is a primary identifier for Chhatarpur. During the Interregnum (AH 1193–1200), these symbols remained constant even as political control shifted, serving as a "stable" currency for the Bundelkhand region.

Numismatic Note: This early "Raja Shahi" issue is recognized by its broad, bold calligraphy. The "117112" date is a classic Datia blunder, where the engraver likely confused the AH 1171 date with subsequent digits.

Diagnostic: The Gaja Shahi series (often associated with rulers like Bhavani Singh) is distinguished by its more compact calligraphy and specific floral or geometric symbols interspersed in the legend. The 10.91g weight is the standard "Bundelkhand Rupee" mass.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1272 date is frozen across this series, representing a "fixed" point of authority. At 10.83g, this coin adheres to the standard silver purity of the Bundelkhand region during the mid-19th century.

Technical Detail: The 20mm flan on this specimen is exceptionally broad for a Datia rupee, showcasing the floral ornamentation and the full Zarb Dalipnagar mint name at the bottom of the reverse.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1272 date is a "frozen" date used across decades of Datia's Raja Shahi coinage. This specific Ry. 30 issue was struck during the height of the mid-19th century, maintaining a high silver purity that allowed Datia's currency to remain a trusted medium of exchange in the complex markets of Bundelkhand.

Technical Detail: The 20mm flan on this specimen is exceptionally broad for a Datia rupee, showcasing the floral ornamentation and the full Zarb Dalipnagar mint name at the bottom of the reverse.

Historical Detail: This issue features a slightly later AH date (1274) than the frozen 1272 standard. The 18mm flan gives it a classic "thick dump" fabric, a contrast to the broader Ry. 38 issue.

Numismatic Note: Ry. 46 represents one of the later dates in the Raja Shahi sequence. The 19mm flan is well-proportioned, capturing the majority of the central legend and the distinctive "4" and "6" Nagari/Persian influenced numerals.

Technical Detail: At 10.84g, this specimen sits perfectly within the expected weight range for the series. These later years often show a slight degradation in calligraphic sharpness compared to the earlier Ry. 6 issues, yet they maintain the full "Dalipnagar" mint signature.

Numismatic Note: The Ry. 39 issue is part of the later Raja Shahi period where the AH date 1273 appears as an alternative to the more common 1272 frozen date. The 10.83g weight is consistent with high-grade silver circulation issues of the period.

Technical Detail: At 10.95g, this specimen is slightly heavier than the standard average, suggesting it was struck on a thicker flan. The 19mm diameter allows for a clear rendering of the regnal year digits within the Persian text.

Numismatic Note: This late Gaja Shahi issue is often confused with Datia coinage due to the similar "Shah Alam II" protocol. However, the specific floral "sprig" and the presence of the Tehri mint signature distinguish it as an Orchha strike.

Technical Detail: Struck earlier in Vikramajit's reign, this specimen displays the classic 18th-century "thick dump" fabric. The Ry. 30 refers to the regnal year of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

Historical Detail: Struck during the later regnal years of Shah Alam II, this coin uses the AH 1211 date as a frozen "base" date. The 10.91g weight is quite high for the period, indicating strict quality control at the Tehri mint.

Numismatic Note: Ry. 41 marks one of the final regnal years used for Shah Alam II before his death. The calligraphy on this 19mm specimen remains sharp, specifically the digits for the regnal year located in the upper loop of the reverse.

Technical Detail: This specimen features a tighter 17x18mm "dump" flan, which is characteristic of the Gaja Shahi series during the late 18th century. Despite the smaller diameter, the weight remains a robust 10.84g.

Numismatic Note: The Ry. 44 date is a high regnal year for the Shah Alam II series. On an 18mm flan, the "Tehri" mint mark at the bottom of the reverse is often partially truncated, but the specific sprig symbol in the legend confirms the Orchha attribution.

Technical Detail: This specimen is a duplicate from the same AH/Ry year but shows a slightly different die alignment. The Gaja Shahi "sprig" symbol is located near the center of the reverse, identifying the Orchha origin.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1214 / Ry. 42 combination is less frequently encountered than the Ry. 44 issues. On this 18mm flan, the regnal year digits (??) are tucked into the upper curve of the Persian text on the reverse.

Technical Detail: At 10.99g, this is a heavy, high-quality specimen of the late Gaja Shahi series. While the AH date is 1214, the Ry 47 corresponds to the final years of Shah Alam II’s nominal reign.

Historical Detail: This coin marks the shift to the name of Emperor Akbar II. The over-date Ry 17/16 is a diagnostic feature of this specific year, showing the transition of the regnal year digits within the die itself.

Historical Detail: This rupee was struck at the iconic Gwalior Fort mint during the peak of Mahadji Rao's influence. The 22mm flan is typical for this era, showing a transition between the broad Mughal style and the more compact Maratha strikes.

Technical Detail: Struck at the "Abode of Victory" (Dar-ul-Fath) Ujjain. The 24mm flan on this 11.26g specimen is exceptionally broad, allowing for a nearly complete rendering of the mint name and the regnal year.

Technical Detail: At 11.39g, this is an exceptionally heavy and well-preserved specimen. The 23mm flan is broad enough to show the intricate Persian calligraphy typical of the Ujjain mint, which was known as the "Abode of Victory."

Historical Detail: The Chandori-type rupee was originally modeled after the coinage of Chandor. It features a distinct, smaller 18mm flan. The Lashkar mint was established in the military camp (Lashkar) of the Scindias, which eventually became the new city of Gwalior.

Technical Detail: This 20mm specimen was struck shortly after Daulat Rao succeeded Mahadji Rao. It maintains the heavy Ujjain weight standard (11.34g) and the classical Mughal-style calligraphy of the "Abode of Victory" mint.

Numismatic Note: Identified by the specific mint marks of a lotus bud and a snake (Nag). This "Narwar" type is significantly more compact (17mm) than the Ujjain issues and represents the regional sub-mints active during the Maratha period.

Technical Detail: This late reign Ujjain issue maintains a broad 21mm flan. The regnal year 46 is exceptionally high, struck in the final years of Shah Alam II's nominal rule. The weight of 11.28g remains consistent with the high silver standard of the Scindia Ujjain issues.

Numismatic Note: This Narwar specimen features the characteristic "Snake" (Nag) symbol on the reverse. Struck during the reign of Muhammad Akbar II, the 18mm flan represents the standard regional currency size for the Gwalior northern territories.

Technical Detail: This 19mm specimen from the Narwar mint displays the characteristic "Snake" symbol on the reverse. The weight of 11.00g is standard for this regional series struck during the middle of Daulat Rao's reign.

Historical Detail: Struck under Mahadji Rao Scindia on a broad 22mm flan. This earlier issue from the Narwar mint follows the Mughal aesthetic more closely than later "dump" varieties, though it already features the "Snake" mint mark diagnostic of this location.

Numismatic Note: The AH 1106 date is purely fictitious, as Ry. 47 of Shah Alam II corresponds to 1805 AD. This was done to give the coin the "prestige" of an older, trusted issue. It is easily identified by the small, multi-petaled flower bud symbol on the reverse.

Technical Detail: This "Fort-type" rupee is a hallmark of Jankoji Rao's reign. The upward-pointing bow and arrow symbol on the reverse is the primary diagnostic for this issue. Despite being a "Lashkar" strike, it maintains the traditional 20mm diameter and 11.08g weight.

Numismatic Note: A significant variety of the Fort-type rupee where the bow and arrow symbol points downward. This minor die variation is highly sought after by Gwalior specialists to distinguish between different workshop outputs within the Lashkar mint.

Technical Detail: Struck at the Bhilsa mint (under the name Alamgirpur). This 17mm "dump" style rupee features fictitious dating, a common practice in later Scindia regional mints. The weight of 10.90g remains high, ensuring its acceptance in local commerce.

Technical Detail: This 18mm specimen represents the standard trade currency of the Bhilsa region. The Ry. 25 is a "frozen" fictitious date. The "Alamgirpur" mint name is typically located at the bottom of the reverse, often partially visible on these dump-style flans.

Historical Detail: Struck during the height of Mahadji Rao's power. The 23mm broad flan displays the elegant calligraphy of the Ujjain mint. This issue predates the more compact "dump" styles of the 19th century and adheres to the classical Mughal weight and diameter standards.

Technical Detail: A classic broad-flan (23mm) Ujjain rupee. The AH 1202 date corresponds to a pivotal year in Maratha history when Mahadji Rao was consolidating his influence over the Mughal court in Delhi.

Historical Detail: Struck under the authority of the mercenary General Jean Baptiste Filose. These "Seorha-type" rupees are distinguished by their specific coarse calligraphy and the Sabalgarh mint mark. They represent a unique era where European military adventurers managed administrative and minting functions for the Maratha Scindias.

Numismatic Note: Bajranggarh coinage is unique for its use of Nagari script. The obverse invokes Hanuman (the son of the wind), while the reverse clearly names both the ruler and the mint, Jainagar (another name for the fortress of Bajranggarh).

Technical Detail: Struck on a slightly broader 20mm flan. At 10.45g, these feudatory issues often sit at a lower weight standard than the primary Scindia mints in Lashkar or Ujjain. The Ry. 23 marks one of the later years of Ajit Singh's autonomous authority before the state was fully absorbed.

Technical Detail: This 10.99g specimen represents the "heavy" standard for the Sipri mint. The Ry. 47 refers to the frozen regnal year of Shah Alam II. The flan is well-centered, showing the majority of the central legend.

Numismatic Note: Struck under the Kachhawa Rajas of Narwar at the Sipri mint. The AH 1106 date is purely fictitious (intended to mimic a prestigious older issue), as Ry. 47 of Shah Alam II corresponds to 1805 AD.

Historical Detail: Struck under the authority of Filose at the Sheopur fortress. This specimen is notable for its exceptionally broad 24mm flan, which is unusual for regional Gwalior issues of this period. The AH 1228 date is often frozen on these issues to maintain a consistent trade standard.

Technical Detail: Struck on a 22mm flan, this coin demonstrates the consistency of the Sheopur mint under Filose’s command. The frozen AH 1228 date combined with Ry. 11 provides a specific window into the mercenary general's administrative period shortly before his fall from favor.

Numismatic Note: A well-preserved 11.03g specimen. The Ry. 13 is clearly visible within the reverse calligraphy. Despite the political turmoil of the Third Anglo-Maratha War during this period, the Sheopur mint maintained a high standard of silver purity and weight.

Technical Detail: A crisp strike weighing 10.97g. The Ry. 15 is nestled within the loop of the Persian 'ye' in 'Julus'. By this year, the Filose administration had achieved a very consistent "look" for the Sheopur coinage, making them easily distinguishable from the Lashkar mint's output.

Numismatic Note: This specimen shows the final stages of the Filose-supervised coinage at Sheopur. The Ry. 17 corresponds to the period just before Jean Baptiste Filose was imprisoned by Daulat Rao Scindia in 1824, leading to the eventual closure of his private mints.

Technical Detail: A classic hand-struck silver rupee weighing 11.14g. Struck shortly after the 1857 uprising, these coins technically maintain the name of the Mughal emperor but were issued under the full authority of the Nizam. The 22mm flan is thick and well-formed.

Numismatic Note: This specimen is struck on a broader 24mm flan, providing an excellent view of the "Mim" of the Nizam’s initial often integrated into the legend. The AH 1277 date is a key year for this series before the transition to the more standardized milled coinage.

Technical Detail: A thick 21mm "dump" style rupee. This issue follows the post-1857 convention where the name of the Mughal Emperor was replaced with the titles of the dynasty founder, Asaf Jah. The weight is a precise 11.14g, reflecting the strict quality control of the Nizam's treasury.

Numismatic Note: Struck during the early regency period of Mir Mahbub Ali Khan. The identifying mark for this ruler is the Persian letter 'Mim' (?) integrated into the reverse field. The 23mm flan on this specimen allows for a nearly complete rendering of the mint honorific 'Farkhanda Bunyad'.

Technical Detail: A heavy 11.18g specimen with a broad 23mm flan. Struck at the very beginning of the Nizam's reign, this coin retains the high-relief calligraphy characteristic of the early Hyderabad hand-struck issues.

Numismatic Note: This 11.05g specimen shows a slightly different die alignment than the previous entry. The 'Mim' initial is particularly prominent in the central reverse field, identifying the infant Nizam's authority under the regency of Salar Jung I.

Technical Detail: This 23mm specimen shows a clear regnal year 11 (??). During this period, the Hyderabad mint maintained excellent calligraphic standards even as the transition to machine-struck coinage was being planned by the administration.

Numismatic Note: A notably heavy specimen (11.66g). Like other 'Hali Sicca' issues of this era, the coin features the characteristic 'Mim' initial on the reverse, denoting Mahbub Ali Khan's authority. The broad flan captures almost the entirety of the Persian legend.

Technical Detail: Weighing 11.06g, this specimen features a very high regnal year (25). By this time, the Hyderabad mint was producing very standardized blanks, resulting in a consistent weight and a diameter that captures nearly the entire die design.

Numismatic Note: A well-preserved 22mm rupee weighing 11.20g. The 'Mim' initial is integrated into the calligraphy on the reverse. This coin represents the peak of hand-struck technology in the Deccan, showing remarkably sharp Persian script.

Technical Detail: One of the final years of the traditional hand-struck "Hali Sicca" series. The calligraphy is tight and refined, a testament to the skill of the Hyderabad die-sinkers just prior to the mechanization of the mint.

Numismatic Note: A major design shift. The Charminar, the iconic 16th-century monument of Hyderabad, becomes the central motif. The weight is standardized at 11.78g (Full Tola). The presence of the numeral "92" is a religious invocation, while the 'Ain' in the doorway refers to the heir-apparent.

Technical Detail: One of the final years of the traditional hand-struck "Hali Sicca" series. The calligraphy is tight and refined, a testament to the skill of the Hyderabad die-sinkers just prior to the mechanization of the mint.

Numismatic Note: A major design shift. The Charminar, the iconic 16th-century monument of Hyderabad, becomes the central motif. The weight is standardized at 11.78g (Full Tola). The presence of the numeral "92" is a religious invocation, while the 'Ain' in the doorway refers to the heir-apparent.

Technical Detail: This 30mm milled rupee represents the mature phase of Mahbub Ali Khan's standardized currency. The 11.78g weight (1 Tola) was strictly enforced to allow parity with the British Indian Rupee.

Numismatic Note: Struck with the 0.818 silver purity standard. While the date on the coin reads AH 1323, this specific die variety (KM 53) is generally categorized under Mir Osman Ali Khan's reign, as he continued using his father's dates for a short period on the new machinery before updating the AH years.

Historical Note: 1911 was the year of transition. This coin bears the frozen regnal year 44 of the late Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan, but the AH 1329 date marks the beginning of Mir Osman Ali Khan's record-breaking reign. It adheres to the 0.818 silver standard.

Technical Detail: Struck during World War I. Despite global silver shortages, Hyderabad maintained its silver Rupee (Hali Sicca). This specimen clearly shows the Ry. 6 (?) integrated into the reverse legend, confirming the sixth year of Osman Ali Khan's rule.

Numismatic Note: This is the formal "Accession Year" coinage for Mir Osman Ali Khan. While he ascended in late 1329 AH, Ry. 1 was officially struck beginning in AH 1330. The 11.78g weight remains the hallmark of the high-purity Hali Sicca standard.

Technical Detail: Struck just before the outbreak of World War I. The "92" (numerical Muhammad) is clearly visible at the top of the reverse. The calligraphy on the 30mm flan is crisp, reflecting the high technical standards of the mechanized Hyderabad mint.

Technical Detail: Struck during the early years of WWI. This specimen retains the traditional 0.818 silver purity. The calligraphy is sharp, and the Ry. 6 (?) is clearly integrated into the reverse field.

Historical Note: Struck during WWII. Due to the global silver crisis, the purity was reduced to 50%. This "Full Ain" variety shows the Persian letter 'Ain' clearly formed within the archway. Despite the lower silver content, the 11.78g weight was maintained.

Technical Detail: Struck during the early years of WWI. This specimen retains the traditional 0.818 silver purity. The calligraphy is sharp, and the Ry. 6 (?) is clearly integrated into the reverse field.

Historical Note: Struck during WWII. Due to the global silver crisis, the purity was reduced to 50%. This "Full Ain" variety shows the Persian letter 'Ain' clearly formed within the archway. Despite the lower silver content, the 11.78g weight was maintained.

Numismatic Note: The Daulatabad mint (located at the famous hill fort) produced coins that are often categorized alongside Hyderabad due to the Nizam's territorial control. The "Ali Gohar" reference in your notes is the pre-regnal name of Shah Alam II, which is a common designation among collectors for this period of Mughal decline.

Technical Detail: A classic 11.35g silver rupee. The Maheshwar mint was established by Ahalya Bai when she moved the capital from Indore. The presence of the sacred Bilva leaf and the Lingam makes this one of the most recognizable "devotional" coinages of the Maratha confederacy.

Numismatic Note: Struck during the turbulent reign of Yashwant Rao Holkar. Although Ahalya Bai had passed away in 1795, her popular Maheshwar design—complete with the religious symbols—was maintained to ensure the coin's continued acceptance in trade.

Technical Detail: Struck on a 20mm flan, this 11.29g rupee features a very clear regnal year 33 (??) on the reverse. The Lingam symbol is well-centered, appearing as a small vertical oval on a horizontal base.

Numismatic Note: A 11.22g specimen from the penultimate years of Ahalya Bai’s reign. The Bilva leaf (three-pronged branch) and the Shivling are deeply struck, which served as a religious certification of the coin’s purity for the local population.

Technical Detail: A 19mm "dump" rupee weighing 11.16g. Despite Shah Alam II having passed away in 1806, the Holkars continued to use his name and regnal years on their coinage. The Ry. 62 (??) is a "frozen" or calculated year common to this series.

Numismatic Note: This specimen from the primary Indore mint shows the transition to a smaller, thicker flan (18mm). The regnal year 94 is a posthumous continuation of the Mughal era. The Shivling and Bilva leaf symbols remain the primary diagnostic for Holkar silver.

Technical Detail: A thick 19mm "dump" rupee weighing 11.18g. Struck during the early years of Tukoji Rao II's reign, this coin continues the posthumous use of Shah Alam II's titles. The Ry. 95 (??) is clearly visible in the upper reverse field.

Numismatic Note: A premium specimen from the Maheshwar mint. Struck on a broad 21mm flan, it captures nearly the entire die design. The "Sikka Mubarak" legend is exceptionally clear, as is the devotional Shivling mark on the reverse.

Technical Detail: Malharnagar was an early name for the Maheshwar mint, named in honor of Ahilya Bai Holkar's father-in-law and the dynasty's founder, Malhar Rao Holkar. The Shivling symbol on the reverse acts as a royal seal of piety.

Numismatic Note: An exceptional broad-flan specimen (23mm). The extra diameter allows for the full "Zarb Maheshwar" (Struck at Maheshwar) to be partially visible at the bottom of the reverse, a rarity for these hand-hammered issues which are usually smaller.

Technical Detail: A well-preserved 22mm specimen weighing 11.23g. The date AH 1192 is clearly visible on the obverse. This coin represents the period when Ahalya Bai was actively rebuilding Maheshwar and its famous temple complexes.

Numismatic Note: Struck in the final year of Ahalya Bai's reign. This 19mm rupee shows a slight reduction in flan diameter while maintaining the full 11.26g silver weight. The Ry. 37 (??) is exceptionally sharp on this strike.

Technical Detail: A 19mm "dump" rupee weighing 11.29g. This specimen was struck during the succession struggles following Ahalya Bai's death. It maintains her iconic devotional design, which had become the "trade standard" for Holkar currency.

Numismatic Note: This rare 23mm broad-flan rupee features the Sun Face on the reverse instead of the standard Shivling. The Sun (Surya) is a primary emblem of the Holkar clan. Struck at Malharnagar (early name for Maheshwar), this is an exceptional example of Maratha artistic engraving.

Technical Detail: Struck shortly after Malhar Rao II's accession. This 11.21g rupee features a clear "Sun Face" on the reverse. The Sun is a core dynastic emblem of the Holkars, signifying their claim to Suryavanshi (Solar dynasty) descent.

Numismatic Note: A 19mm specimen weighing 11.12g. The AH 1234 date is significant as it follows the Treaty of Mandsaur (1818), which concluded the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Despite political changes, the mint continued the traditional religious and dynastic iconography.

Technical Detail: A thick 18mm "dump" rupee weighing 11.22g. The Sun Face symbol is deeply struck into the center of the reverse. The AH date 1235 is situated at the bottom of the obverse legend.